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Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow. Plato is the earliest important educational thinker, and education is an essential element in ‘The Republic’ (his most important work on philosophy and political theory, written around 360 B.C.). In it, he advocates some rather extreme methods: removing children from their mothers' care and raising them as wards of the state, and differentiating children suitable to the various castes, the highest receiving the most education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. He believed that education should be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, music and art. Plato believed that talent and intelligence is not distributed genetically and thus is be found in children born to all classes, although his proposed system of selective public education for an educated minority of the population does not really follow a democratic model. Aristotle considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education, the ultimate aim of which should be to produce good and virtuous citizens. He proposed that teachers lead their students systematically, and that repetition be used as a key tool to develop good habits, unlike Socrates' emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas. He emphasized the balancing of the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught, among which he explicitly mentions reading, writing, mathematics, music, physical education, literature, history, and a wide range of sciences, as well as play, which he also considered important.

31)

Which of these methods is NOT advocated in ‘The Republic’?

SSC CGL 2020
A)

Differentiating children based on castes

B)

Bringing up children under state guardianship

C)

Imparting similar education to all children

D)

Keeping children away from mothers

32)

Aristotle believed that virtuous citizens could be produced by cultivating:

SSC CGL 2020
A)

art and music

B)

mathematics and science

C)

theoretical aspects of education

D)

habit and reason

33)

What tool does Aristotle advocate to teachers to develop good habits in students?

SSC CGL 2020
A)

Writing

B)

Reading

C)

Questioning

D)

Repetition

34)

Children who are imparted highest education, would be responsible for:

SSC CGL 2020
A)

developing talent and skills

B)

inculcating good habits

C)

guarding the city

D)

teaching the illiterate

35)

Which of these statements is NOT true?

SSC CGL 2020
A)

Socrates encouraged the listeners to come up with original ideas.

B)

The Republic was written around 360 A.D.

C)

Socrates considered music and physical education as important aspects of learning.

D)

Plato’s methods of education can be called ‘extreme’.

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.


Chanhudaro was a tiny settlement (less than 7 hectares) as compared to Mohenjodaro (125 hectares), almost exclusively devoted to craft production, including bead-making, shellcutting, metal-working, seal-making and weight-making. The variety of materials used to make beads is remarkable: stones like carnelian (of a beautiful red colour), jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite; metals like copper, bronze and gold; and shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay. Some beads were made of two or more stones, cemented together, some of stone with gold caps. The shapes were numerous – disc shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, segmented. Some were decorated by incising or painting, and some had designs etched onto them. Techniques for making beads differed according to the material. Steatite, a very soft stone, was easily worked. Some beads were moulded out of a paste made with steatite powder. This permitted making a variety of shapes, unlike the geometrical forms made out of harder stones. How the steatite micro bead was made remains a puzzle for archaeologists studying ancient technology. Archaeologists’ experiments have revealed that the red colour of carnelian was obtained by firing the yellowish raw material and beads at various stages of production. Nodules were chipped into rough shapes, and then finely flaked into the final form. Grinding, polishing and finally drilling completed the process. Specialised drills have been found at Chanhudaro, Lothal and more recently at Dholavira. Nageshwar and Balakot, both settlements are near the coast. These were specialised centres for making shell objects – including bangles, ladles and inlay – which were taken to other settlements. Similarly, it is likely that finished products (such as beads) from Chanhudaro and Lothal were taken to the large urban centres such as Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

36)

Which of these stones is very soft and easy to mould?

SSC CGL 2020
A)

Quartz

B)

Steatite

C)

Crystal

D)

jasper

37)

Which of these statements is NOT true?

SSC CGL 2020
A)

Beads were made in numerous shapes and sizes.

B)

Harappa and Mohenjodaro were large urban centres.

C)

Chanhudaro was exclusively devoted to craft production.

D)

Carnelian is a beautiful bluish stone.

38)

Which is the final process in the production of beads?

SSC CGL 2020
A)

Polishing

B)

Drilling

C)

Grinding

D)

Chipping

39)

According to the text, which of these crafts was Not practisedin Chanhudaro?

SSC CGL 2020
A)

Weight making

B)

Seal making

C)

Metal cutting

D)

Paper making

40)

Shell objects were mostly made at Nageshwar and Balakot because:

SSC CGL 2020
A)

the women loved to wear bangles made of shells

B)

shells were readily available in these coastal areas

C)

specialised drills were found here

D)

shells were transported here from Lothal

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